Rule-based reasoning plays an important role in interface design as it does in any science based discipline. One of the most commonly invoked rules related to navigation and menu selection is Hick’s Law. As it makes a case for simplicity, let me state it as simply as I can.
In cases where all items have an equal probability of being chosen, the time it takes to choose an item from alternatives is exponentially proportional to the number of choices.
Thus, the more alternatives (such as in a menu) that you present to a user, the longer the time it will take to choose. That is simple enough to understand and apply: keep the amount of choices low, especially where time is an important factor.
However, that interpretation is too reductionist. It does not take into account the condition of all items having an equal probability of being chosen.
This condition depends on the prior knowledge of the users and/or the varying conditions that may influence the range of choice. Where domain knowledge varies widely, Hick’s Law becomes less simple to interpret in terms of under what circumstances and in what manner you should provide fewer choices.
In the case of menu structures, if users generally possess sufficient prior knowledge, they can work with more initial choices, such as an alphabetized list of all choices. However, Hick’s Law can be applied to further reduce time by default settings and user-control of options to keep the choice count down to reasonable levels.
If users vary in their prior knowledge or the conditions that determine choice vary, then a more hierarchical (deeper) menu structure (with submenu levels) may be more efficient. Users begin with fewer, more high level choices in the knowledge domain and proceed through subsequently presented submenus to choose among alternatives of a given subset. In essence, they are learning what they need to know about the knowledge domain to make reasonable choices (in a top-down, general to specific manner).
As this is a form of navigation (through the menu structure), offering “escape” routes back to previous menu levels through “bread crumb” links or a site map (with links to the entire menu structure) can help maintain efficiency.
However, even in the case of experts, having all choices available initially might be too unwieldy. An expert may have knowledge of each item presented in an alphabetized list of names, but if that list is too long, it would be more efficient to create a two-level menu structure where the user would first choose an alphabetical letter (in a list from A to Z) that would link to a shorter, more manageable list of choices (representing names beginning with the chosen alphabetical letter).
All this brings me to the inherent limitation of applying Hick’s Law too uniformly. While it is tempting to do so, this reductionist approach can lead to more inefficient and frustrating user experience.
Navigational and control (response) systems can be designed to automatically adapt or can be manually adapted to varying conditions and user prior knowledge to present the most appropriate menu structure.
Hick’s Law applied in terms of these variables can provide the efficiency and ease of use that arises from offering the more “simple” of alternative choice structures.
Along with prior knowledge, domain-specific training (e.g., formal training, embedded documentation, wizards, etc.) can help to conceptually organize a range of conditions and choices so that they can be addressed by fewer, more selective responses.
Your comments are welcome in reply.
I never heard of Hick’s Law, but as the martial arts instructor said, no matter how something comes at you there is one move. If a design team set up a system where the user can use the tab key for many functions, maybe hit it once to tab and twice to tab backwards. I see how it is still just one move.
Thanks Shirley, for sharing your understanding of the nature of Hick’s Law and its value across many domains of practice in providing efficiency through simplicity in the range of response options.
Hi Doc,
The video is an interesting analogy to the number of choices made to perform an interface task. The whole idea is to get something (a task) done, not to figure out how to do the steps to get the something done. I see the efficiency of having fewer choices, thus less cognitive time. I also see an advantage to less choices being able to stay on task. I think we have all started out trying to do a specific computer task and get “side-tracked” because we remember something we previously wanted to do and veer in a direction we initially were not intending to go. Another advantage is not getting so involved in the path that one forgets the original purpose.
Thanks Jim, for those useful extensions of this concept. As designers, we need to make the navigation or operations of systems as intuitive and simple to perform as possible to achieve all of the benefits that you mention.
Hi Doc:
The application of Hick’s law (or the Hick-Hyman law) can seem simplistic in explanation and even in the algebraic formulas, but yields some interesting cognitive insights which can be applied to artificial neural network algorithms (Bogacz, 2007; Schneider & Anderson, 2011). Such algorithms can be developed in order to simulate decision making tasks starting from simple choices with minimal number of stimuli to complex decisions where information is presented via different modalities like communication, unmanned systems, and sensors in the military. By modeling these scenarios using Hick’s law then course of action and other decision making alternatives can be predicted. These predictions can help inform the time it takes to not only make the decision, but incorporated into decision aids in order to reduce workload on the end user. These algorithms could also be designed to make autonomous decisions and create a faster and more lethal military force. By running these epochs to an optimal range where the outcomes become pretty redundant, then the developers are able to present a system or even a systems of system technology to the user that helps reduce their human processing “run time” and they are able to use their working memory for tasks requiring more critical thinking and possibly more contemplative.
References:
Bogacz, R. (2007). Optimal decision network with distributed representation. Neural Networks, 20(5), 564-576. doi: 10.1016/j.neunet.2007.01.003
Schneider, D. & Anderson, J. (2011). A memory-based model of Hick’s law. Cognitive Psychology, 62(3), 193-222. doi: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2010.11.001
Hi Collette,
Thank you for explaining how the example of Hick’s Law in a martial arts scenario (as in the embedded video in the blog post) can be realized in a modern military context within the algorithms driving AI support of military action. Thanks for sharing, Doc
As I read the article and focused on the theme user friendly is associated with simply reducing choices. It was interesting that cultural knowledge would impact what is deemed as user friendly or choice selection in regards to navigation to reach desired component to fit the user’s need. I contemplated what impact artificial intelligence would have on the perception of simplistic user and circumventing lack of prior knowledge. Depending on the experience level of the user and the prior knowledge, an artificial intelligent avatar would alleviate barriers; especially if deep learning was integrated into the design. Deep learning would facilitate confidence, likelihood of continual use, and extended exploration of the full capabilities of the device. Technology and user interaction increases the use of the technology and a sense of connectedness. Connectedness impacts further use and positive perceptions of the technology. This is important to marketability and reputation of a device, which would in turn provide valuable insight from users who have personally connected to the technology for improved design.
Thanks Kimberly for your insightful comment on the value that artificial intelligence (AI) software could have upon mediating what is considered “user friendly” in terms of limiting choices. Rather than imposing a limitation on the options that a user has at any point in their use of a software application, AI could help determine what kind of reduction of possible choices should exist for a user based on their “individual differences” expressed in the history of their application use that is recorded and accessed by the AI. Thanks for sharing, Doc
I appreciate this information on Hick’s law. It would be very useful in electronic medical records systems in the healthcare industry. Electronic medical records systems are used for billing purposes and for medical records retention. It would be great if the number of options could be minimized so that the providers can get their job done in a less stressful manner.
Thank you Mackenzie for sharing your valued insights into the applicability of Hick’s Law as a theoretical basis for improving electronic medical records systems in the healthcare industry, especially how it could be used to reduce the number of menu and other options so that the providers can get their job done in a less stressful manner.